Tag: 101.13

Chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides: kinetics, reactive species, pathway, and toxicity evolution was written by Wang, Wen-Long;Nong, Yu-Jia;Yang, Zheng-Wei;Wu, Qian-Yuan;Hubner, Uwe. And the article was included in Water Research in 2022.Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one This article mentions the following:

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the worldwide biocides application has been increased, which will eventually result in enhanced residuals in treated wastewater. At the same time, chlorine disinfection of secondary effluents and hospital wastewaters has been intensified. With respect to predicted elevated exposure in wastewater, the chlorination kinetics, transformation pathways and toxicity evolution were investigated in this study for two typical isothiazolinone biocides, methyl-isothiazolinone (MIT) and chloro-methyl-isothiazolinone (CMIT). Second-order rate constants of 0.13 M-1·s-1, 1.95 x 105 M-1·s-1 and 5.14 x 105 M-1·s-1 were determined for the reaction of MIT with HOCl, Cl2O and Cl2, resp., while reactivity of CMIT was around 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. While chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides at pH 7.1 was dominated by Cl2O-oxidation, acidic pH and elevated Cl- concentration favored free active chlorine (FAC) speciation into Cl2 and increased overall isothiazolinone removal. Regardless of the dominant FAC species, the elimination of MIT and CMIT resulted in an immediate loss of acute toxicity under all exptl. conditions, which was attributed to a preferential attack at the S-atom resulting in subsequent formation of sulfoxides and sulfones and eventually an S-elimination. However, chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides in secondary effluent only achieved <10% elimination at typical disinfection chlorine exposure 200 mg·L-1·min, but was predicted to be remarkably increased by acidizing solution to pH 5.5. Alternative measures might be needed to minimize the discharge of these toxic chems. into the aquatic environment. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. It has been found that isothiazole-based compounds show synergistic effects when used with other biocidal compounds.Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Study on application of bactericide in petroleum pipeline was written by Gao, Rongsheng;Xu, Yanjun;Cheng, Feihu;Xie, Xin;Li, Hui;Zhang, Wei. And the article was included in Shiyou Huagong Yingyong in 2009.Recommanded Product: 1003-07-2 This article mentions the following:

Main factors affecting petroleum pipeline transportation, including bacterium, temperature, impurity, etc, were analyzed, then using isothiazoline to treat it was also proposed, and the experiment aimed at the bactericidal performance of the fixation bacterium and bacterioplankton. It induced bacterium anal. was carried out after the transportation of a batch of product every time, as well as sediment anal. and water anal. after oil transportation. The best result indicated that bactericide isothiazolone could kill various eutrophy bacteria, decrease the corrosion and biomembrane accumulation; and to the bacterium having higher germifuga, it could restrain the growth of bacteria. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Recommanded Product: 1003-07-2).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. Various penicillins and cephalosporins having an isothiazole ring system have shown considerable antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Recommanded Product: 1003-07-2

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Patch testing with serial dilutions of various isothiazolinones in patients hypersensitive to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone was written by Isaksson, Marlene;Gruvberger, Birgitta;Bruze, Magnus. And the article was included in Contact Dermatitis in 2014.COA of Formula: C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

Background : In 2005, methylisothiazolinone (MI) on its own came into use as a preservative. Prior to that, MI was always present together with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI). Can the pattern of reactivity to the sep. active ingredients in allergic patients tell us something about the primary sensitizer Objectives : To investigate the potential pattern of cross-reactivity between the isothiazolinones tested, and to find the minimal elicitation concentration for each chem., in order to determine whether the primary sensitizer is MCI or MI. Methods : Patients reacting to MCI/MI and/or MI were addnl. patch tested with MCI/MI, MCI, MI, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (dichloro-OIT) in serial dilutions Results : Three different groups of reactors were seen. One group did not react to MI; another group reacted to both MCI and MI, but had higher patch test reactivity to MCI; and a third group reacted to both MCI and MI with very similar patch test reactivity, but reacted more often to OIT and dichloro-OIT. Conclusions : Patch testing with the active ingredients of MCI/MI in serial dilutions could give information on the primary sensitizer. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2COA of Formula: C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is more toxic than pyridine. But the more substituted isothiazoles are usually far less toxic. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.COA of Formula: C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Effects of kathon, chemical used widely as microbicide on survival of two species of mosquitoes was written by He, Wen-Ze;Pan, Li-Long;Han, Wen-Hao;Abd-Rabou, Shaaban;Liu, Shu-Sheng;Wang, Xiao-Wei. And the article was included in Molecules in 2021.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

In recent decades, demands for novel insecticides against mosquitoes are soaring, yet candidate chems. with desirable properties are limited. Kathon is a broad-spectrum isothiazolinone microbicide, but other applications remain uncharacterized. First, we treated larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, two major mosquito vectors of human viral diseases, with Kathon at 15 mg/L (a concentration considered safe in cosmetic and body care products), and at lower concentrations, and found that Kathon treatment resulted in high mortality of larvae. Second, sublethal concentration of Kathon can cause significantly prolonged larval development of C. quinquefasciatus. Third, we explored the effects of two constituents of Kathon, chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT), on the survival of larvae, and found that CMIT was the major toxic component. Further, we explored the mechanisms of action of Kathon against insect cells and found that Kathon reduces cell viability and ATP production but promotes the release of lactate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Our results indicate that Kathon is highly toxic to mosquito larvae, and we highlight its potential in the development of new larvicides for mosquito control. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is a good solvent for many organic substances but should be used with caution because it is more toxic than pyridine. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

AMHB: (Anti)aromaticity-Modulated Hydrogen Bonding was written by Kakeshpour, Tayeb;Wu, Judy I.;Jackson, James E.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2016.Application of 1003-07-2 This article mentions the following:

This in silico survey shows that changes in the (anti)aromatic character of π-conjugated heterocycles can be used to fine-tune their hydrogen (H-)bond strengths. Upon H-bonding dimerization, the π-electrons of these rings can be polarized to reinforce or disrupt their (anti)aromatic π-conjugated circuits (πCCs) and stabilize or destabilize the resulting H-bonded complexes. H-bonding interactions that enhance aromaticity or relieve antiaromaticity are fortified, whereas those that intensify antiaromaticity or disrupt aromaticity are weakened, relative to analogs lacking full π-circuits. Computed dissected nucleus-independent chem. shifts, NICS(1)_zz, reveal a uniform pattern and document changes in the magnetic (anti)aromatic character of the heterocycles considered. Recognition of this (anti)aromaticity-modulated H-bonding (AMHB) phenomenon offers insights into a range of fields from organocatalysis and self-assembly to pharmaceutical chem. and mol. biol. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Application of 1003-07-2).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles, including antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, and anticonvulsive agents.Application of 1003-07-2

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Isothiazolinones in cleaning products: Analysis with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of samples from sensitized patients and market was written by Marrero-Aleman, Gabriel;Borrego, Leopoldo;Antuna, Ana Gonzalez;Macias Montes, Ana;Perez Luzardo, Octavio. And the article was included in Contact Dermatitis in 2020.Quality Control of Isothiazol-3(2H)-one This article mentions the following:

Background : Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI) contact dermatitis is a severe problem. The high concentrations of these substances and other isothiazolinones such as benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) contained in cleaning products may cause allergic contact dermatitis in sensitized patients. Objectives : To evaluate the exposure to isothiazolinones contained in cleaning products on the market and from sensitized patients, and to verify the accuracy of labeling. Methods : A total of 34 cleaning products were collected (17 supplied by sensitized patients and 17 bought randomly). Anal. was made of the concentrations of MI, MCI, BIT, and OIT using liquid chromatog. tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results : MI and BIT were the components most frequently detected. Of all the products analyzed, 76.5% contained at least one isothiazolinone. Twelve products had an MI concentration above the permitted level for rinse-off cosmetics. Most of them were coming into direct contact with the skin in daily use. Mislabeling occurred in eight products. Conclusions : Some cleaning products with high concentrations of isothiazolinones may cause cutaneous symptoms in sensitized patients, especially in spray form. The labeling should be correct, also regarding the use of each article. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Quality Control of Isothiazol-3(2H)-one).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and their saturated and/or oxygenated analogs play an important role in pharmaceutical research. In general, isothiazole undergoes nitration in the presence of HNO3, sulfuric acid, and sulfonation by using sulfuric acid under thermal conditions to generate corresponding 4-nitro- and 4-sulfonic acid derivatives, respectively.Quality Control of Isothiazol-3(2H)-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Research on complex biocide in circulating cooling water supplied by reclaimed water was written by Wu, Qing;Zheng, Bo;Tian, Yimei;Wang, Lingling. And the article was included in Gongye Shuichuli in 2013.Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one This article mentions the following:

To study the possibility of using reclaimed water as the make-up water source in circulating cooling systems, the biocidal effect of different biocides was compared. Complex biocides with better biocidal effect and low dosage were thus obtained. The effluent from a reclaimed water plant in a northern city was taken as research target. Based on the anal. of water quality, the biocidal effects of three kinds of oxidizing biocides and two kinds of nonoxidizing biocides, which were used individually, were studied by measuring the total number of heterotrophic bacteria and total number of iron bacteria in circulating cooling water. The results showed that NaClO could cooperate well with isothiazolinone, while ClO₂ could cooperate well with geramine. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and isothiazolium cations are attacked by carbanions at sulfur and on recyclization can give thiophenes. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles. Some of these molecules have been efficiently used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Contact allergy in danish children: current trends was written by Simonsen, Anne B.;Foss-Skiftesvik, Majken H.;Thyssen, Jacob P.;Deleuran, Mette;Mortz, Charlotte G.;Zachariae, Claus;Skov, Lone;Osterballe, Morten;Funding, Anne;Avnstorp, Christian;Andersen, Bo L.;Vissing, Susanne;Danielsen, Anne;Dufour, Nathalie;Nielsen, Niels H.;Thormann, Henrik;Sommerlund, Mette;Johansen, Jeanne D.. And the article was included in Contact Dermatitis in 2018.Application of 1003-07-2 This article mentions the following:

Background : Contact allergy is common in children, but may be underdiagnosed. Importantly, the clin. relevance of specific allergies is subject to constant change, and it is therefore important to continuously monitor the trends and changes of contact allergies in the paediatric population. Objectives : To identify possible changes in contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis among Danish children referred for patch testing. Methods : A retrospective study was performed based on patch test data from the Danish National Database of Contact allergy. The current data were compared with previously published data on Danish children referred for patch testing. Results : Between 2012 and 2016, 1573 children and adolescents were patch tested. Overall, 385 (24.5%) had at least 1 pos. patch test reaction. The overall prevalence was similar in boys and girls, across age groups, and in patients with and without atopic dermatitis. Statistically significant increases in contact allergy to fragrances and isothiazoliones were seen, whereas a decrease in nickel allergy was found. Conclusion : Allergic contact dermatitis continues to be a common disease in children, and is even significantly increasing for some allergens. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Application of 1003-07-2).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and benzisothiazoles are usually liquids or low-melting-point solids; polar substituents increase the melting points because of the possibility of hydrogen bonding and other interactions in the crystalline state. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles. Some of these molecules have been efficiently used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.Application of 1003-07-2

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

12-year data on dermatologic cases in the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases I: Distribution of different diagnoses and main causes of allergic contact dermatitis was written by Aalto-Korte, Kristiina;Koskela, Kirsi;Pesonen, Maria. And the article was included in Contact Dermatitis in 2020.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

Skin diseases are among the most common occupational diseases, but detailed analyses on their epidemiol., diagnosis, and causes are relatively scarce. To analyze data on skin disease in the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases (FROD) for (1) different diagnosis and (2) main causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). We retrieved data on recognized cases with occupational skin disease (OSD) in the FROD from a 12-yr-period 2005-2016 and used national official labor force data of the year 2012. We analyzed a total of 5265 cases, of which 42% had irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), 35% ACD, 11% contact urticaria/protein contact dermatitis (CU/PCD), and 9% skin infections. The incidence rate of OSD in the total labor force was 18.8 cases/100 000 person years. Skin infections concerned mainly scabies in health care personnel. Twenty-nine per cent of the ACD cases were caused by plastics/resins-related allergens, mainly epoxy chems. Other important causes for ACD were rubber, preservatives, metals, acrylates, and hairdressing chems. Cases of occupational ACD due to isothiazolinones reached a peak in 2014. Our anal. confirms that epoxy products are gaining importance as causes of OSD and the isothiazolinone contact allergy epidemic has started to wane. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles, including antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, and anticonvulsive agents.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Causes of malfunctions of RO sewage treatment plant and countermeasures was written by Xiong, Qiwu;Chang, Kai. And the article was included in Zhongwai Nengyuan in 2013.SDS of cas: 1003-07-2 This article mentions the following:

Sinopec Yanshan Company’s 1200 m³/h ultra-filtration reverse osmosis sewage treatment plant met with a serious fault after nearly six years of stable operation. The RO membrane was seriously contaminated, resulting in a steep decline in output of treated water. Anal. showed that RO membrane blockage was the main cause of this breakdown, which resulted from the rapid growth of microorganism at high temperatures in summer days and the precipitation of salt due to high contents of inorganic salts in the water being treated, such as iron, manganese and aluminum. Based on field experiment results and actual production conditions, technicians proposed and took countermeasures, including adding inoxidable bactericides (isothiazolinone and DBNPA; dosing method: impact mode + continuous low-concentration dosing; dose: about 100 mg/L), adding new type of scale inhibitor (dose: about 3 mg/L), increasing the use of sodium hypochlorite (residual chlorine in concentrated water controlled between 0.5 and 0.8 mg/L), controlling the use of polyaluminum chloride between 10 and 14 mg/L, and optimizing chem. cleaning schemes. After the above measures were taken, the contaminants on the RO membrane were brought under control and the performance of the membrane recovered. More than 70% of manganese ions were removed. The operation cycle of the sewage treatment plant was extended to about 20 days from seven days and output of treated water increased by 5 × 10⁴t per mo. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2SDS of cas: 1003-07-2).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. Various penicillins and cephalosporins having an isothiazole ring system have shown considerable antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.SDS of cas: 1003-07-2

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com