Heterocyclic Building Blocks-Isothiazole

Salt Solubility and Disproportionation – Uses and Limitations of Equations for pH_max and the In-silico Prediction of pH_max was written by Avdeef, Alex;Sugano, Kiyohiko. And the article was included in Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Philadelphia, PA, United States) in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 146939-27-7 This article mentions the following:

A multiphasic mass action equilibrium model was used to study the phase properties near the critical pH (‘pH_max‘) in an acid-base transformation of a solid drug salt into its corresponding solid free base form in pure water slurries. The goal of this study was to better define the characteristics of disproportionation of pharmaceutical salts, objectively (i) to classify salts as μ-type (microclimate stable) or δ-type (disproportionation prone) based on the relationship between the calculated pHmax and the calculated pH of the saturated salt solution, (ii) to compare the distribution of μ/δ-type salts to predictions from the disproportionation potential equation introduced by Merritt et al.,20 (iii) to determine if the intrinsic solubility of the free base, S₀, can be predicted from the measured μ-type salt solubility as a means of estimating the value of pH_max, (iv) to determine S₀ directly from the measured δ-type salt solubility, and (v) to address some of the limitations of the equations commonly used to calculate pH_max. When the salt solubility is measured for a basic API (pKa of which is known), but the exptl. value of S₀ is unavailable, a potentially useful simple screen for disproportionation is still possible, since pHmax can be estimated from a ‘μ-predicted&’ (objective iii) or ‘δ-measured&’ S₀ (objective iv). Twelve model weak base API were selected in the study. For each API, 2-17 different salt forms with reported salt solubilities in distilled water were sourced from the literature. In all, 73 salt solubility values based on 29 different salt-forming acids comprise the studied set. All the corresponding free base solubility values were available. The pKa values for all the acids and bases studied are generally well known. For each API salt, an acid-base titration simulation was performed, anchored to the measured salt solubility value, using the general mass action anal. program pDISOL-X. The log S-pH profiles were drawn out by analytic continuity from pH 0 to 13, as described in detail previously.24 Potentially useful in-silico models were developed that correlate pS₀ to linear functions of the salt solubility in water, pSw, the partition coefficient of the salt-forming acid (log PacidOCT) and the m.p. (mp) of the drug salt, thereby enabling the derivation of the approx. pH_max value from the predicted pS₀ . In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7HPLC of Formula: 146939-27-7).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.HPLC of Formula: 146939-27-7

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

26-Week Open-Label Extension Study Evaluating the Safety and Tolerability of Flexible Doses of Oral Ziprasidone in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar I Disorder (Most Recent Episode Manic) was written by Atkinson, Sarah;Bachinsky, Mary;Raiter, Yaron;Abreu, Paula;Ianos, Claudia;Chappell, Phillip;Findling, Robert L.. And the article was included in Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology in 2022.Computed Properties of C21H21ClN4OS This article mentions the following:

Objective: To describe the longer-term effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of open-label ziprasidone in children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder (BD-I). Methods: A subset of 23 participants aged 10-17 years, who were previously treated in a multi-site, 4-wk randomized controlled trial received open-label ziprasidone (20-80 mg twice a day) for up to 26 wk. Results: The most common adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (30%), somnolence (17%), and nausea (13%). Effects on weight, body mass index, and metabolic parameters (glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides) were minimal. No participant had a Fridericia-corrected QT interval ≥ 460 ms or a change from baseline of ≥60 ms, and there were no cardiac-related AEs. Both the participants who continued ziprasidone and those who initiated ziprasidone in the open-label extension showed improvements in their symptoms of mania. Conclusions: The overall findings of the study are consistent with the accumulating knowledge on the safety profile of ziprasidone in the acute and long-term treatment of children and adolescents with BD-I, in the midst of a manic episode. ClinicalTrial.gov ID: NCT03768726. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7Computed Properties of C21H21ClN4OS).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Some representatives of isothiazoles have proven to be synergists of bioactive substances, which opens the way to lower the doses of drugs used and is especially important in cancer chemotherapy. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles. Some of these molecules have been efficiently used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.Computed Properties of C21H21ClN4OS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

O-Alkyl Hydroxamates Display Potent and Selective Antileishmanial Activity was written by Corpas-Lopez, Victoriano;Tabraue-Chavez, Mavys;Sixto-Lopez, Yudibeth;Panadero-Fajardo, Sonia;Alves de Lima Franco, Fernando;Dominguez-Seglar, Jose F.;Morillas-Marquez, Francisco;Franco-Montalban, Francisco;Diaz-Gavilan, Monica;Correa-Basurto, Jose;Lopez-Viota, Julian;Lopez-Viota, Margarita;Perez del Palacio, Jose;de la Cruz, Mercedes;de Pedro, Nuria;Martin-Sanchez, Joaquina;Gomez-Vidal, Jose A.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2020.SDS of cas: 62473-92-1 This article mentions the following:

Leishmania (L.) infantum causes visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in humans and canine leishmaniasis in dogs. Herein, we describe that O-alkyl hydroxamate derivatives displayed potent and selective in vitro activity against the amastigote stage of L. infantum while no activity was observed against promastigotes. Compound PhNHCO(CH₂)₆CONHOCPh₃ (I)showed potent in vivo activity against L. infantum. Moreover, the combination of compound 5 supported on gold nanoparticles and meglumine antimoniate was also effective in vivo and improved the activity of these compounds compared to that of the individual treatment. Docking studies showed that compound 5 did not reach highly conserved pocket C and established interactions with the semiconserved residues V44, A45, R242, and E243 in pocket A of LiSIR2rp1. The surface space determined by these four amino acids is not conserved in human sirtuins. Compound I represents a new class of selective ligands with antileishmanial activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Bromobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (cas: 62473-92-1SDS of cas: 62473-92-1).

6-Bromobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (cas: 62473-92-1) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. In general, isothiazole undergoes nitration in the presence of HNO3, sulfuric acid, and sulfonation by using sulfuric acid under thermal conditions to generate corresponding 4-nitro- and 4-sulfonic acid derivatives, respectively.SDS of cas: 62473-92-1

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Switching between second-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: 10-year cohort study in Brazil was written by Fulone, Izabela;Silva, Marcus Tolentino;Lopes, Luciane Cruz. And the article was included in Frontiers in Pharmacology in 2021.Related Products of 146939-27-7 This article mentions the following:

Switching between second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) is a common clin. practice in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders due to differences in the drugs’ tolerability and safety profiles as well as the challenge of obtaining an ideal response. However, the factors associated with SGA switching remain uncertain and related real-world data are scarce. The main objective was to identify the factors associated with the switching of SGAs in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who were aged ≥18 years and received a SGA (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine or ziprasidone) from a Brazilian pharmaceutical assistance program for at least 3 mo. We identified SGA users from 2008 to 2017 by using a national administrative database (Ambulatory Information System-SIA/SUS). The factors associated with the switches were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression and adjusted for sex and age; the confidence interval was set at 95% (95% CI). In total, 563,765 patients were included. Female sex, advanced age of ≥70 years, residence in the Brazilian northeast region, and the type of antipsychotic used were associated with an increased risk of switching (p < 0.001). The incidence of switching ranged from 37.6/100 person-years for clozapine users to 58.2/100 person-years for risperidone users. Compared to the adjusted hazard ratio, for clozapine users, the corresponding ratios for risperidone, ziprasidone, quetiapine and olanzapine were 1.59 (95% CI, 1.57-1.61), 1.41 (95% CI, 1.39-1.44), 1.25 (95% CI, 1.23-1.26) and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.10-1.12) resp. The groups most susceptible to SGA switching in real-life setting were older individuals, women, and those living in the Brazilian northeast region. Risperidone was associated with the highest risk of switching and as expected, clozapine was associated with the lowest risk of switching than that associated with the other SGAs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7Related Products of 146939-27-7).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and their saturated and/or oxygenated analogs play an important role in pharmaceutical research. The ring structure of isothiazole is incorporated into larger compounds with biological activity such as the pharmaceutical drugs ziprasidone and perospirone.Related Products of 146939-27-7

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides: kinetics, reactive species, pathway, and toxicity evolution was written by Wang, Wen-Long;Nong, Yu-Jia;Yang, Zheng-Wei;Wu, Qian-Yuan;Hubner, Uwe. And the article was included in Water Research in 2022.Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one This article mentions the following:

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the worldwide biocides application has been increased, which will eventually result in enhanced residuals in treated wastewater. At the same time, chlorine disinfection of secondary effluents and hospital wastewaters has been intensified. With respect to predicted elevated exposure in wastewater, the chlorination kinetics, transformation pathways and toxicity evolution were investigated in this study for two typical isothiazolinone biocides, methyl-isothiazolinone (MIT) and chloro-methyl-isothiazolinone (CMIT). Second-order rate constants of 0.13 M-1·s-1, 1.95 x 105 M-1·s-1 and 5.14 x 105 M-1·s-1 were determined for the reaction of MIT with HOCl, Cl2O and Cl2, resp., while reactivity of CMIT was around 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. While chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides at pH 7.1 was dominated by Cl2O-oxidation, acidic pH and elevated Cl- concentration favored free active chlorine (FAC) speciation into Cl2 and increased overall isothiazolinone removal. Regardless of the dominant FAC species, the elimination of MIT and CMIT resulted in an immediate loss of acute toxicity under all exptl. conditions, which was attributed to a preferential attack at the S-atom resulting in subsequent formation of sulfoxides and sulfones and eventually an S-elimination. However, chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides in secondary effluent only achieved <10% elimination at typical disinfection chlorine exposure 200 mg·L-1·min, but was predicted to be remarkably increased by acidizing solution to pH 5.5. Alternative measures might be needed to minimize the discharge of these toxic chems. into the aquatic environment. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. It has been found that isothiazole-based compounds show synergistic effects when used with other biocidal compounds.Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Control effect of buspirone combined with atypical antipsychotics on schizophrenia was written by Liu, Fei;Liang, Xue-jun;Jin, Li-juan. And the article was included in Zhongguo Weisheng Gongchengxue in 2021.Reference of 146939-27-7 This article mentions the following:

Objective: To study the control effect of buspirone combined with atypical antipsychotics on schizophrenia. Methods: A total of 116 patients with schizophrenia who were admitted to our hospital from Jan. 2017 to Jan. 2018 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group, with 58 cases in each group. The control group was treated with atypical antipsychotics alone, while the observation group was treated with buspirone combined with atypical antipsychotics. In the study, the cognitive function, neg. symptoms, and serum biochem. indexes were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: After treatment, the cognitive function scores and biochem. index levels in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the neg. symptom scale (SANS) in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Buspirone combined with atypical antipsychotics could more effectively improve cognitive function, relieve neg. symptoms and improve serum biochem. indexes in patients with schizophrenia, and the effect was ideal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7Reference of 146939-27-7).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is more toxic than pyridine. But the more substituted isothiazoles are usually far less toxic. It has been found that isothiazole-based compounds show synergistic effects when used with other biocidal compounds.Reference of 146939-27-7

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Study on application of bactericide in petroleum pipeline was written by Gao, Rongsheng;Xu, Yanjun;Cheng, Feihu;Xie, Xin;Li, Hui;Zhang, Wei. And the article was included in Shiyou Huagong Yingyong in 2009.Recommanded Product: 1003-07-2 This article mentions the following:

Main factors affecting petroleum pipeline transportation, including bacterium, temperature, impurity, etc, were analyzed, then using isothiazoline to treat it was also proposed, and the experiment aimed at the bactericidal performance of the fixation bacterium and bacterioplankton. It induced bacterium anal. was carried out after the transportation of a batch of product every time, as well as sediment anal. and water anal. after oil transportation. The best result indicated that bactericide isothiazolone could kill various eutrophy bacteria, decrease the corrosion and biomembrane accumulation; and to the bacterium having higher germifuga, it could restrain the growth of bacteria. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Recommanded Product: 1003-07-2).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. Various penicillins and cephalosporins having an isothiazole ring system have shown considerable antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Recommanded Product: 1003-07-2

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

The use of vicinal twofold Heck reaction products in diastereoselective sequential Michael additions. A convenient access to enantiomerically pure six-ring annulated cispentacin derivatives was written by Voigt, Katharina;Lansky, Annegret;Noltemeyer, Mathias;de Meijere, Armin. And the article was included in Liebigs Annalen in 1996.Quality Control of 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one This article mentions the following:

The Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions of various acrylic acid derivatives with 1,2-dibromobenzene, 1,2,3-tribromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromocyclohexene yielded the corresponding diethenylarenes I (R = OMe, OCMe₃, OCH₂Ph, O-menthyl, O-camphorsultamyl; R¹ = H; R²R³, R⁴R⁵ = bond), triethenylarenes I [R = OMe, OCMe₃; R¹ = (E)-CH:CHCOR; R²R³, R⁴R⁵ = bond], and hexatrienes I (R = OMe, OCMe₃; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ = H). Some of these compounds were converted to 1,2,3-trisubstituted trans,trans-indane- and tetrahydroindane derivatives by domino conjugate additions of N, C, and S nucleophiles. With PhCH₂NHSiMe₃ as an NH₃ equivalent, the relative configuration of all 3 newly formed stereogenic centers was controlled (d.e. >90%). With chiral non-racemic ammonia equivalent like benzyl[(S)-phenylethyl]amine and TMS-(R)-AMP, protected diastereomerically pure β-amino esters were obtained, which could easily be deprotected by standard methods to yield the enantiomerically pure β-amino acids II and III. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 94594-91-9Quality Control of 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one).

1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 94594-91-9) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and their saturated and/or oxygenated analogs play an important role in pharmaceutical research. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles. Some of these molecules have been efficiently used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.Quality Control of 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Patch testing with serial dilutions of various isothiazolinones in patients hypersensitive to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone was written by Isaksson, Marlene;Gruvberger, Birgitta;Bruze, Magnus. And the article was included in Contact Dermatitis in 2014.COA of Formula: C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

Background : In 2005, methylisothiazolinone (MI) on its own came into use as a preservative. Prior to that, MI was always present together with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI). Can the pattern of reactivity to the sep. active ingredients in allergic patients tell us something about the primary sensitizer Objectives : To investigate the potential pattern of cross-reactivity between the isothiazolinones tested, and to find the minimal elicitation concentration for each chem., in order to determine whether the primary sensitizer is MCI or MI. Methods : Patients reacting to MCI/MI and/or MI were addnl. patch tested with MCI/MI, MCI, MI, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (dichloro-OIT) in serial dilutions Results : Three different groups of reactors were seen. One group did not react to MI; another group reacted to both MCI and MI, but had higher patch test reactivity to MCI; and a third group reacted to both MCI and MI with very similar patch test reactivity, but reacted more often to OIT and dichloro-OIT. Conclusions : Patch testing with the active ingredients of MCI/MI in serial dilutions could give information on the primary sensitizer. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2COA of Formula: C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is more toxic than pyridine. But the more substituted isothiazoles are usually far less toxic. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.COA of Formula: C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Effects of kathon, chemical used widely as microbicide on survival of two species of mosquitoes was written by He, Wen-Ze;Pan, Li-Long;Han, Wen-Hao;Abd-Rabou, Shaaban;Liu, Shu-Sheng;Wang, Xiao-Wei. And the article was included in Molecules in 2021.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

In recent decades, demands for novel insecticides against mosquitoes are soaring, yet candidate chems. with desirable properties are limited. Kathon is a broad-spectrum isothiazolinone microbicide, but other applications remain uncharacterized. First, we treated larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, two major mosquito vectors of human viral diseases, with Kathon at 15 mg/L (a concentration considered safe in cosmetic and body care products), and at lower concentrations, and found that Kathon treatment resulted in high mortality of larvae. Second, sublethal concentration of Kathon can cause significantly prolonged larval development of C. quinquefasciatus. Third, we explored the effects of two constituents of Kathon, chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT), on the survival of larvae, and found that CMIT was the major toxic component. Further, we explored the mechanisms of action of Kathon against insect cells and found that Kathon reduces cell viability and ATP production but promotes the release of lactate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Our results indicate that Kathon is highly toxic to mosquito larvae, and we highlight its potential in the development of new larvicides for mosquito control. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is a good solvent for many organic substances but should be used with caution because it is more toxic than pyridine. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com