Day: February 22, 2023

Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic syndrome: from molecular mechanisms to clinical differences was written by Carli, Marco;Kolachalam, Shivakumar;Longoni, Biancamaria;Pintaudi, Anna;Baldini, Marco;Aringhieri, Stefano;Fasciani, Irene;Annibale, Paolo;Maggio, Roberto;Scarselli, Marco. And the article was included in Pharmaceuticals in 2021.Product Details of 146939-27-7 This article mentions the following:

Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are commonly prescribed medications to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and other psychotic disorders. However, they might cause metabolic syndrome (MetS) in terms of weight gain, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and high blood pressure, which are responsible for reduced life expectancy and poor adherence. Importantly, there is clear evidence that early metabolic disturbances can precede weight gain, even if the latter still remains the hallmark of AAPs use. In fact, AAPs interfere profoundly with glucose and lipid homeostasis acting mostly on hypothalamus, liver, pancreatic β-cells, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Their actions on hypothalamic centers via dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine receptors affect neuropeptides and 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, thus producing a supraphysiol. sympathetic outflow augmenting levels of glucagon and hepatic glucose production In addition, altered insulin secretion, dyslipidemia, fat deposition in the liver and adipose tissues, and insulin resistance become aggravating factors for MetS. In clin. practice, among AAPs, olanzapine and clozapine are associated with the highest risk of MetS, whereas quetiapine, risperidone, asenapine and amisulpride cause moderate alterations. The new AAPs such as ziprasidone, lurasidone and the partial agonist aripiprazole seem more tolerable on the metabolic profile. However, these aspects must be considered together with the differences among AAPs in terms of their efficacy, where clozapine still remains the most effective. Intriguingly, there seems to be a correlation between AAP’s higher clin. efficacy and increase risk of metabolic alterations. Finally, a multidisciplinary approach combining psychoeducation and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is proposed as a first-line strategy to avoid the MetS. In addition, pharmacol. treatments are discussed as well. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7Product Details of 146939-27-7).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. It has been found that isothiazole-based compounds show synergistic effects when used with other biocidal compounds.Product Details of 146939-27-7

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

New ligands with a wide bite angle. Efficient catalytic activity in the Rh(I)-catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins was written by Yamamoto, Keiji;Momose, Satoru;Funahashi, Masakazu;Ebata, Satoshi;Ohmura, Hideaki;Komatsu, Hiroshi;Miyazawa, Masahiro. And the article was included in Chemistry Letters in 1994.Recommanded Product: 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one This article mentions the following:

The relevance of a new diphosphinite (I), which holds a natural bite angle around 120° in a catalyst complex, to the Rh(I)-catalyzed hydroformylation of certain olefins is examined, exhibiting a high turnover frequency (TOF) as compared with a typical 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane with a bite angle around 85°. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 94594-91-9Recommanded Product: 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one).

1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 94594-91-9) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and isothiazolium cations are attacked by carbanions at sulfur and on recyclization can give thiophenes. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles, including antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, and anticonvulsive agents.Recommanded Product: 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of isothiazolyl oxazolidinones and analogous 3(2H)-isothiazolones was written by Adibpour, Neda;Khalaj, Ali;Rajabalian, Saeed. And the article was included in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2010.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

The synthesis and antibacterial activity of several new 5-((3-oxoisothiazol-2(3H)-yl)methyl)-3-phenyloxazolidin-2-ones, e.g., I, and analogous 2-(4-substituted phenyl)-3(2H)-isothiazolones, e.g., II, substituted at 4 and/or 3-positions of the Ph moiety with different groups of which some have shown to increase the antibacterial activity of both 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones and 3(2H)-isothiazolones is described. The most active compounds were isothiazolyl oxazolidinones with unsubstituted and 4-F substituted Ph rings which showed activities higher than analogous 3(2H)-isothiazolones and comparable or superior to linezolid, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin against some tested microorganisms. The change in position of F and/or the use of larger substituents gave compounds with reduced or no activity. Evaluation of cytotoxicity to mouse fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cells indicated that these compounds exhibit antibacterial activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. The isothiazoles can be oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides on treatment with peracids.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Octylisothiazolinone, an additional cause of allergic contact dermatitis caused by leather: case series and potential implications for the study of cross-reactivity with methylisothiazolinone was written by Aerts, Olivier;Meert, Hans;Romaen, Elien;Leysen, Julie;Matthieu, Lucretia;Apers, Sandra;Lambert, Julien;Goossens, An. And the article was included in Contact Dermatitis in 2016.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

Summary : Background : Octylisothiazolinone (OIT) is used as an antifungal agent by the leather industry. Objectives : To show sensitization to OIT from leather, and to highlight the potential implications when cross-reactivity between OIT and methylisothiazolinone (MI) is studied. Methods : Two patients with allergic contact dermatitis caused by a leather belt and shoes, resp., were patch tested with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/MI, MI, MCI, OIT, and benzisothiazolinone (BIT). High-performance liquid chromatog. with UV detection (HPLC-UV) was used to detect isothiazolinone derivatives in leather goods. Addnl., files of OIT-sensitized patients, observed at the KU Leuven department during the period 1990-2015, were retrospectively analyzed. Results : Both patients had been primarily sensitized to OIT, but the diagnosis in one of them could be achieved only when a higher patch test concentration of OIT (1000 ppm pet.) was used. HPLC-UV confirmed the presence of OIT in their leather goods. Non-relevant sensitization to MI was noted in both cases. Four addnl. cases of OIT sensitization from leather could be retrieved from the KU Leuven database. Conclusions : Non-occupational sensitization to OIT from leather may occur. Patch test concentrations of >250 ppm pet. may be necessary for diagnosis, and to show cross-reactivity with MI. Safer use limits for OIT in the leather industry may be needed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Some representatives of isothiazoles have proven to be synergists of bioactive substances, which opens the way to lower the doses of drugs used and is especially important in cancer chemotherapy. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles. Some of these molecules have been efficiently used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

New scalable asymmetric aminomethylation reaction for the synthesis of β²-amino acids was written by Moumne, Roba;Denise, Bernard;Guitot, Karine;Rudler, Henri;Lavielle, Solange;Karoyan, Philipe. And the article was included in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2007.Quality Control of 1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)propan-1-one This article mentions the following:

β-Amino acids are useful tools in the design of peptidomimetics, and the development of new methods for their syntheses, particularly the synthesis of β²-amino acids, remains an important challenge. Here a scalable route based on the aminomethylation of silyl ketene N,O-acetals by Mannich-type iminium electrophiles was reported. Using this method, a series of N-Boc protected β-amino acids were obtained in good yields and high enantioselectivities. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)propan-1-one (cas: 128947-19-3Quality Control of 1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)propan-1-one).

1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)propan-1-one (cas: 128947-19-3) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.Quality Control of 1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)propan-1-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Replacement of oxygen by sulfur in small organic molecules. 3. Theoretical studies on the tautomeric equilibria of the 2OH and 4OH-substituted oxazole and thiazole and the 3OH and 4OH-substituted isoxazole and isothiazole in the isolated state and in solution was written by Nagy, Peter I.. And the article was included in International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2016.Product Details of 1003-07-2 This article mentions the following:

This follow-up paper completes the author’s investigations to explore the in-solution structural preferences and relative free energies of all OH-substituted oxazole, thiazole, isoxazole, and isothiazole systems. The polarizable continuum dielec. solvent method calculations in the integral-equation formalism (IEF-PCM) were performed at the DFT/B97D/aug-cc-pv(q+(d))z level for the stable neutral tautomers with geometries optimized in dichloromethane and aqueous solution With the exception of the predictions for the predominant tautomers of the 3OH isoxazole and isothiazole, the results of the IEF-PCM calculations for identifying the most stable tautomer of the given species in the two selected solvents agreed with those from exptl. investigations. The calculations predict that the hydroxy proton, with the exception for the 4OH isoxazole and 4OH isothiazole, moves preferentially to the ring nitrogen or to a ring carbon atom in parallel with the development of a C=O group. The remaining, low-fraction OH tautomers will not be observable in the equilibrium compositions Relative solvation free energies obtained by the free energy perturbation method implemented in Monte Carlo simulations are in moderate accord with the IEF-PCM results, but consideration of the ΔGsolv/MC values in calculating ΔGstot maintains the tautomeric preferences. It was revealed from the Monte Carlo solution structure analyses that the S atom is not a hydrogen-bond acceptor in any OH-substituted thiazole or isothiazole, and the OH-substituted isoxazole and oxazole ring oxygens may act as a weak hydrogen-bond acceptor at most. The mols. form 1.0-3.4 solute-water hydrogen bonds in generally unexplored numbers at some specific solute sites. Nonetheless, hydrogen-bond formation is favorable with the NH, C=O and OH groups. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Product Details of 1003-07-2).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. In general, isothiazole undergoes nitration in the presence of HNO3, sulfuric acid, and sulfonation by using sulfuric acid under thermal conditions to generate corresponding 4-nitro- and 4-sulfonic acid derivatives, respectively.Product Details of 1003-07-2

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

The Influence of Substance Use on Side Effects of Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, and Ziprasidone in Psychosis. was written by Alisauskiene, Renata;Johnsen, Erik;Gjestad, Rolf;Kroken, Rune A;Jørgensen, Hugo A;Løberg, Else-Marie. And the article was included in Substance use & misuse in 2021.Name: 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one This article mentions the following:

BACKGROUND: Side effects restrict the optimal use of antipsychotics. Little is known about the influence of substance use on side effects. The aim of this study was to compare antipsychotic side effects in patients with psychosis with and without substance use, while also taking medication history and diagnosis into consideration. METHODS: All patients (n = 226, mean age 34, females 33%) diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD; F20-F29) or other psychosis (F30-F32; F10-F19), were treated with olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone or ziprasidone, and were assessed at baseline, 4-weeks, 14-weeks, and 27-weeks. The UKU-Side Effects Self-Rating Scale version was used to evaluate the side effect profiles, and the information on substance use was based on the Clinician Drug Use Scale. RESULTS: At baseline, 30% of the patients used substances, 54% were diagnosed with SSD, and 47% were antipsychotic naïve. The occurrence of side effects in total was not different in patients with substance use compared to without after 4-weeks of treatment, nor in the follow-up period. At 4-weeks there were some group differences in relation to substance use, diagnosis, and medication history for single side effects. Patients with substance use showed more increased dream activity, less reduced salivation, and more gynecomastia. Patients with SSD showed less neurological side effects, orgasm dysfunction, and tension/inner unrest. The medication naïve patients showed increased hypokinesia/akinesia. CONCLUSION: Substance use alone does not influence the general magnitude of side effects of antipsychotic medication and does not indicate a different prescription practice in patients with psychosis and substance use. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7Name: 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is more toxic than pyridine. But the more substituted isothiazoles are usually far less toxic. In general, isothiazole undergoes nitration in the presence of HNO3, sulfuric acid, and sulfonation by using sulfuric acid under thermal conditions to generate corresponding 4-nitro- and 4-sulfonic acid derivatives, respectively.Name: 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

A review on schizophrenia: outline and treatment was written by Chaudhary, Sarika;Chaudhary, Stepi;Tyagi, Vishal. And the article was included in International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research in 2022.Computed Properties of C21H21ClN4OS This article mentions the following:

Schizophrenia is a debilitating, genetic brain condition caused by anomalies that appear early in infancy and interrupt normal brain development. It has a lifetime risk of 1% and affects people of all ages, with around 10% dying by suicide. COVID-19 may raise the risk of mortality and morbidity in people with schizophrenia. Although antipsychotic medications of the first, second, and third generations are the most commonly prescribed treatments for schizophrenia, they are linked to major side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, oxidative stress, and EPS. Ayurvedic herbal medications and some dietary supplements score well in this category since they can be taken for a long time without causing major adverse effects and have antioxidant properties. Low potency first generation antipsychotics, sedating antihistamines, and benzodiazepines, as well as inhalable antipsychotics, oral and short acting injectable olanzapine, and ziprasidone, as well as low potency first generation antipsychotics, sedating antihistamines, and benzodiazepines, should be avoided or closely monitored for patients with COVID-19. Mentally ill patients with COVID -19 should be segregated if at all possible, and employees should be adequately protected. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7Computed Properties of C21H21ClN4OS).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is more toxic than pyridine. But the more substituted isothiazoles are usually far less toxic. The isothiazoles can be oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides on treatment with peracids.Computed Properties of C21H21ClN4OS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Trifluoromethylazidation of Alkenes: Convenient Access to CF₃-Containing Alkyl Azides was written by Wang, Fei;Qi, Xiaoxu;Liang, Zhaoli;Chen, Pinhong;Liu, Guosheng. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2014.SDS of cas: 119944-89-7 This article mentions the following:

A novel copper-catalyzed intermol. trifluoromethylazidation of alkenes has been developed under mild reaction conditions. A variety of CF₃-containing azides were directly synthesized from a wide range of olefins, including activated and un-activated alkenes, and the resulting products can be easily transformed into the corresponding CF₃-containing amine derivatives Under optimized reaction conditions the synthesis of the target compounds was achieved using tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper hexafluorophosphate as a catalyst for a reaction of alkenes with trimethylsilyl azide and 3,3-dimethyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-benzodioxol. Alkene reactants included (ethenyl)benzene derivatives (styrene), cyclopentene, cyclohexene, indene, cyclooctene, dihydroquinoline, (3β)-3-(acetyloxy)pregn-5-en-20-one, 4-methoxyphenyl 4,6-O-[(S)-phenylmethylene]-3-O-2-propen-1-yl-β-δ-galactopyranose (monosaccharide O-allyl ether), terpene derivatives In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 119944-89-7SDS of cas: 119944-89-7).

1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 119944-89-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and isothiazolium cations are attacked by carbanions at sulfur and on recyclization can give thiophenes. Various penicillins and cephalosporins having an isothiazole ring system have shown considerable antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.SDS of cas: 119944-89-7

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Application of chlorine dioxide to thermoelectric circulating cooling water in our plant was written by Xiong, Chuanjia. And the article was included in Chunjian Gongye in 2011.Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one This article mentions the following:

The author introduced sterilization characteristics of chlorine dioxide and the practical application in circulating cooling water in our thermoelec. plant, and carried out ClO₂ lab experiments The experiment studied the effects of added amount of ClO₂ and pH value on sterilization rate, and carried out algae killing experiment The results showed that ClO₂ had good sterilization and algae killing effect at pH 8-9, the ClO₂-not oxidized isothiazolinone-based biocide composite agent had obvious bacterium killing, and had iron removal and washing effects. The study improves bacterium killing effect for circulating cooling water in our thermoelec. plant and ensures stable operation of cooling water system. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and benzisothiazoles are usually liquids or low-melting-point solids; polar substituents increase the melting points because of the possibility of hydrogen bonding and other interactions in the crystalline state. The isothiazoles can be oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides on treatment with peracids.Name: Isothiazol-3(2H)-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com