Heterocyclic Building Blocks-Isothiazole

Synthesis and synthesis-based structural elucidation of (-)-macrosphelides J and K was written by An, Hongchan;Kim, Seung-Hee;Kim, Heegyu;Kim, Kyeojin;Sim, Jaehoon;Jang, Jaebong;Paek, Seung-Mann;Suh, Young-Ger;Yun, Hwayoung. And the article was included in Heterocycles in 2015.Synthetic Route of C13H19NO3S This article mentions the following:

The structures of (-)-macrosphelides J (I) and K (II) have been elucidated via asym. total syntheses. Key points of the structure elucidation include an initial prediction of the stereochemistries of (-)-macrosphelides J and K based on the structural relationship of the macrosphelides and mol. modeling of macrosphelide B. Our synthetic approach features an isoxazoline-based route involving a diastereoselective olefin-nitrile oxide cycloaddition, an intricate reductive N-O bond cleavage of an isoxazoline and O-alkylation of the labile β-hydroxy ketone intermediate. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 119944-89-7Synthetic Route of C13H19NO3S).

1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 119944-89-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.Synthetic Route of C13H19NO3S

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Effects on suicidal risk: Comparison of clozapine to other newer medicines indicated to treat schizophrenia or bipolar disorder was written by Forte, Alberto;Pompili, Maurizio;Imbastaro, Benedetta;De Luca, Gabriele Pasquale;Mastrangelo, Martina;Montalbani, Benedetta;Baldessarini, Ross J.. And the article was included in Journal of Psychopharmacology (London, United Kingdom) in 2021.Reference of 146939-27-7 This article mentions the following:

Background:: Clozapine is the only treatment with regulatory-recognition of lowering suicidal risk, at least in schizophrenia patients. It remains uncertain whether such effects extend to other drugs for psychosis. Methods:: We searched for reports on rates of suicidal behavior during treatment with clozapine and other modern drugs for psychosis (aripiprazole, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone) vs. comparison or control treatments and analyzed the contrasts by random-effect meta-anal. to obtain pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results:: We identified 35 paired comparisons of modern drugs for psychosis vs. comparison or control treatments in 18 reports. There was moderate overall superiority of all agents tested over alternatives (OR = 0.522, p = 0.004). With clozapine, this effect was large (OR = 0.229, p < 0.0001) and consistent (7/7 trials), but significant antisuicidal effects were not found with other drugs for psychosis in 28 other trials (OR = 0.941, p = 0.497). Apparent efficacy of specific agents ranked: risperidone ≥ olanzapine ≥ aripiprazole ≥ ziprasidone ≥ mixed drugs for psychosis ≥ quetiapine, but none of these differences was significant. Conclusions:: An ability of clozapine to reduce risk of suicides and attempts in schizophrenia patients appears to be a unique effect not shared with other modern medicines indicated for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7Reference of 146939-27-7).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. The isothiazoles can be oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides on treatment with peracids.Reference of 146939-27-7

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Running characteristics and failure analysis of seawater membrane treatment was written by Wang, Lei;Zhang, Yantao;Xu, Bin. And the article was included in Shuichuli Jishu in 2015.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

The characteristics of seawater membrane treatment system and the common failures were introduced to analyze and find out the relationship between the membrane pollution, equipment damage and the maintenance based on high salt concentration, high organic matter, high hardness, and rich in microorganisms. The author presented a method of enhancing the maintenance and transformation in the aspects of water quality, dosing, online meter, pneumatic valve, corrosion, equipment body. Good results were achieved after the long-term practice. In the condition of normal desalination rate and recovery rate, chem. washing cycle was greatly extended, from three times of a year to once a year, so the equipment reliability was greatly improved. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and benzisothiazoles are usually liquids or low-melting-point solids; polar substituents increase the melting points because of the possibility of hydrogen bonding and other interactions in the crystalline state. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.Synthetic Route of C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Development of Nanocrystal Ziprasidone Orally Disintegrating Tablets: Optimization by Using Design of Experiment and In Vitro Evaluation was written by Tashan, Emine;Karakucuk, Alptug;Celebi, Nevin. And the article was included in AAPS PharmSciTech in 2020.Application of 146939-27-7 This article mentions the following:

The objective of the current study was to develop ziprasidone hydrochloride monohydrate (ZHM) nanocrystal-based orally dispersible tablet (ODT) formulations. Design of experiment approach was used to develop ODTs. The tablets were compressed using direct compression method and characterized with quality control tests. In vitro dissolution studies and Caco-2 cell permeability tests were executed. The hardness and friability values of nanocrystal-based ODTs were found 31.2 N and 1.05%, resp. The disintegration time was below 10 s. Dissolution profile in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer showed that nanocrystal-based ODTs and com. product were dissolved in 120 min 58.98% and 16%, resp. In pH 7.4 phosphate buffer with SLS, sample groups dissolved above 85% at the end of the study. Permeability value and cumulative ZHM amount on the cells were improved with nanocrystals. In conclusion, the novel formulation of ZHM nanocrystal-based ODTs was successfully developed for alternative dosage form. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7Application of 146939-27-7).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and isothiazolium cations are attacked by carbanions at sulfur and on recyclization can give thiophenes. Isothiazoles are readily prepared from isoxazoles. Thus, reductive ring opening of isoxazoles gives enaminones , which on treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and chloranil give the corresponding isothiazoles.Application of 146939-27-7

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Discovery of Potent Cyclophilin Inhibitors Based on the Structural Simplification of Sanglifehrin A was written by Steadman, Victoria A.;Pettit, Simon B.;Poullennec, Karine G.;Lazarides, Linos;Keats, Andrew J.;Dean, David K.;Stanway, Steven J.;Austin, Carol A.;Sanvoisin, Jonathan A.;Watt, Gregory M.;Fliri, Hans G.;Liclican, Albert C.;Jin, Debi;Wong, Melanie H.;Leavitt, Stephanie A.;Lee, Yu-Jen;Tian, Yang;Frey, Christian R.;Appleby, Todd C.;Schmitz, Uli;Jansa, Petr;Mackman, Richard L.;Schultz, Brian E.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2017.Electric Literature of C13H21NO3S This article mentions the following:

Cyclophilin inhibition has been a target for the treatment of hepatitis C and other diseases, but the generation of potent, drug-like mols. through chem. synthesis has been challenging. In this study, a set of macrocyclic cyclophilin inhibitors was synthesized based on the core structure of the natural product sanglifehrin A. Initial compound optimization identified the valine-m-tyrosine-piperazic acid tripeptide (Val-m-Tyr-Pip) in the sanglifehrin core, stereocenters at C14 and C15, and the hydroxyl group of the m-tyrosine (m-Tyr) residue as key contributors to compound potency. Replacing the C18-C21 diene unit of sanglifehrin with a styryl group led to potent compounds that displayed a novel binding mode in which the styrene moiety engaged in a π-stacking interaction with Arg55 of cyclophilin A (Cyp A), and the m-Tyr residue was displaced into solvent. This observation allowed further simplifications of the scaffold to generate new lead compounds in the search for orally bioavailable cyclophilin inhibitors. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)propan-1-one (cas: 128947-19-3Electric Literature of C13H21NO3S).

1-((3aR,6S,7aS)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)propan-1-one (cas: 128947-19-3) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. Various penicillins and cephalosporins having an isothiazole ring system have shown considerable antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Electric Literature of C13H21NO3S

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Self-healing coatings for inhibiting corrosion of ferrous metals exposed to preservative-treated bamboo was written by Wang, Qingping;Cao, Jinzhen;Liu, Xing-e;Yang, Shumin;Jiang, Mingliang. And the article was included in Journal of Wood Science in 2020.Formula: C3H3NOS This article mentions the following:

This study aims to provide an effective method of inhibiting the corrosion of ferrous metals exposed to preservative-treated bamboo, thereby prolonging material service life and reducing maintenance costs. The synthesis and characterization of microcapsules were first described. The characterization included the particle size, surface morphol., thermal stability, and core content of microcapsules. The results showed that microcapsules had good thermal stability and high core loading. Then, the self-healing performance and corrosion resistance of self-healing coatings were evaluated. The results indicated that self-healing coatings can identify and heal the damage automatically and had a more pos. effect on inhibiting metal corrosion. Also, the mech. properties of self-healing coatings were analyzed. The results demonstrated that microcapsule embedment did not almost affect the mech. properties of self-healing coatings. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Formula: C3H3NOS).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is a good solvent for many organic substances but should be used with caution because it is more toxic than pyridine. It has been found that isothiazole-based compounds show synergistic effects when used with other biocidal compounds.Formula: C3H3NOS

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Simultaneously detecting chlorophenols and isothiazolinones in food contact paper packaging materials using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was written by Zhang, Cong;Huang, Jin-feng;Cai, Wei-hong;Li, Xiu-ying;Guo, Xin-dong;He, Min-heng;Feng, Xiang. And the article was included in Xiandai Shipin Keji in 2015.Safety of Isothiazol-3(2H)-one This article mentions the following:

A comprehensive anal. method was developed to simultaneously detect chlorophenols and isothiazolinones (Ml, CMI, BIT, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP, 2,3,4,6-TCP, PCR and OPP) in food contact paper packaging materials using ultra-performance liquid chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and solid phase extraction (SPE). The paper samples were subjected to ultrasonic methanol extraction, concentrated, and purified with an Oasis HLB SPE cartridge. The extract was separated in a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (100 mm × 3.0 mm, 2.6μm) using gradient elution with a methanol-water mobile phase. The MS/MS anal. was performed in electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and separated into two segments of pos. and neg. ionization modes. Eight compounds were identified by retention lime and the ratio of characteristic ions, and these were quantified using the external standard methods. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curves for the eight analytes were linear within the range of 2.0 to 400μg/L, with correlation coefficients more than 0.997. The quantitation limits of the method (S/N = 10) for the eight compounds were 10 to 30μg/kg. The mean recoveries for paper samples at spiked concentration levels of 10 to 300μg/kg were between 80.3% and 107%, while the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 6) ranged from 3.5% to 9.3%. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2Safety of Isothiazol-3(2H)-one).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazole is more toxic than pyridine. But the more substituted isothiazoles are usually far less toxic. The ring structure of isothiazole is incorporated into larger compounds with biological activity such as the pharmaceutical drugs ziprasidone and perospirone.Safety of Isothiazol-3(2H)-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Stereoselective synthesis of a conformationally restricted β-hydroxy-γ-amino acid was written by Xiao, Dong;Carroll, Patrick J.;Mayer, Scott C.;Pfizenmayer, Amy J.;Joullie, Madeleine M.. And the article was included in Tetrahedron: Asymmetry in 1997.Safety of 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one This article mentions the following:

β-Hydroxy-γ-amino acids are a class of non-proteinogenic amino acids present in many important biol. active natural products. In conjunction with the author’s research on didemnins, sterically constrained β-hydroxy-γ-amino acid I was designed and synthesized in which the requisite carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino groups are positioned on a conformationally stable 6-membered ring. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 94594-91-9Safety of 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one).

1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (cas: 94594-91-9) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. The isothiazoles can be oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides on treatment with peracids.Safety of 1-((3aS,6R,7aR)-8,8-Dimethyl-2,2-dioxidohexahydro-1H-3a,6-methanobenzo[c]isothiazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Compound preparation of biocide in reclaimed water used as circulating cooling water was written by Han, Yi;Tian, Yi-mei;Wu, Ping;Su, Wei-na;Ma, Yuan. And the article was included in Zhongguo Jishui Paishui in 2013.HPLC of Formula: 1003-07-2 This article mentions the following:

When reclaimed water was used as industrial circulating cooling water, the increasing number of microorganisms would affect heat transfer effect of heat pipes and reduce pipeline service life. The best sterilization doses of four common monomeric biocides in 4 times concentrated water from a Tianjin reclaimed water plant were measured by plate count method. Two kinds of compound biocides were obtained by the orthogonal test at the best doses, and the sterilization effect of the compound biocides was verified through the dynamic experiments The results showed that the best doses of four kinds of biocides were: stabilized chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite 6 mg/L, isothiazolinone 95 mg/L, geramine 120 mg/L, resp., in the condition of the quantity of heterotrophic bacteria about 10⁶ CFU/mL, and the inactivation rate of heterotrophic bacteria was over 94% when used only one of these biocides. The two kinds of compound biocides were: stabilized chlorine dioxide 3 mg/L, isothiazolinone 50 mg/L, geramine 30 mg/L and stabilized chlorine dioxide 4 mg/L, isothiazolinone 40 mg/l., sodium hypochlorite 2 mg/L. Their disinfecting rates were more than 99%. The dynamic test indicated that the disinfecting time of the two kinds of compound biocides could last more than 7 d and bactericidal effect was good when the quantity of heterotrophic bacteria was about 10⁷ CFU/mL. The first kind of compound biocide was more suitable for power plant circulating cooling system sterilization after considering economic factors. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2HPLC of Formula: 1003-07-2).

Isothiazol-3(2H)-one (cas: 1003-07-2) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Similar to other five-membered heterocycles, isothiazoles react with a wide range of electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to form diverse products. Various penicillins and cephalosporins having an isothiazole ring system have shown considerable antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.HPLC of Formula: 1003-07-2

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com

Antipsychotic patterns in outpatients with schizophrenia in China: A cross sectional study was written by Guo, Xiaobing;Yu, Hongye;Wang, Hu. And the article was included in Medicine (Philadelphia, PA, United States) in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 146939-27-7 This article mentions the following:

It is essential to monitor pharmacol. treatment for schizophrenic outpatients regularly in clin. practice. Especially in China, the situation of common prescribing patterns remains unclear. The objective of this study is to reveal real-world treatment prescription patterns of antipsychotics for schizophrenia patients in a representative large tertiary hospital in China.This study is a cross-sectional observational anal. of outpatients with schizophrenia in a large tertiary psychiatric hospital in Beijing, China, from May 11th to 24th, 2019. Data on subjects’ socio-demog. and clin. characteristics, prescriptions of psychotropic drugs were collected from the electronic medical record (EMR) system with a standardized protocol. A multivariate anal. was performed to explore the potential association between antipsychotics treatments and subjects’ characteristics.Of the 1940 patients included in this study, only 1470 (75.77%) patients were prescribed antipsychotic medications. 1228 (83.53%) patients were prescribed second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), 202 (13.74%) patients were treated only with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), 40 (2.72%) were prescribed both SGAs and FGAs. The proportion of single SGAs prescriptions was significantly higher than that of single FGAs antipsychotics in each course of monotherapy group, especially among patients with the course less than 2 years (96.08%). Risperidone was most frequently prescribed antipsychotic medication during the study (29.86%, 439 out of 1470). Intermediate-acting sedative benzodiazepines were the most commonly co-prescribed psychotropic class at 23.66%. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) could be the prescribing trend in clinics. Disease course, self-paying cost and LAI antipsychotic use were independently associated with antipsychotics treatments.Second-generation antipsychotics showed domination in prescriptions. More concerns should be paid with concomitant psychiatric medications in clinics. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7HPLC of Formula: 146939-27-7).

5-(2-(4-(Benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloroindolin-2-one (cas: 146939-27-7) belongs to isothiazole derivatives. Isothiazoles and their saturated and/or oxygenated analogs play an important role in pharmaceutical research. Many compounds with an isothiazole scaffold demonstrated a wide range of biological profiles, including antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, and anticonvulsive agents.HPLC of Formula: 146939-27-7

Referemce:
Isothiazole – Wikipedia,
Isothiazole – ScienceDirect.com